Rapid economic growth in several South American countries combined with high species diversity in tropical regions has raised great concern among ecologists on the future of wildlife in those areas. One of the con- sequences and drivers of economic growth is widespread infrastructure development. The economic and social development of most countries in South America is a higher priority than biodiversity conservation, especially when compared with transport infrastructure. Over the past decade, several research groups have focussed on the impacts of roads on wildlife in South America.

50.1 TheeconomicdevelopmentofsomecountriesinSouthAmericahasstronglyinfluencedtheexpan- sion of road networks.

50.2 Although there are numerous organisations involved in planning, development and administration of highways, only few of them evaluate the impacts on biodiversity.

50.3 Numerous protected areas in South America are directly and indirectly affected by roads.

50.4 Road ecology is an emerging discipline in South America, and Brazil and Argentina are leading the field. There are enormous challenges to effectively incorporate ecological considerations into the planning, design, construction and operation of roads in South America. While much of the current practise has been adapted from international experience, the time has come to invest in local experts and improve the quality of the scientific knowledge generated from within South America. Government policies must also support the development of an ecologically sustainable transportation network.